Reversal of Fortune: China's Century of Crisis
- 1912, China"s long-established imperial state had collapsed
- Turned to a weak and dependent participant in a European dominated system
- China's state did not enlarge itself to keep pace with the foreign population
- China's relationship with Europe changed
- Solution to reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the west
The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century
- Islamic world collided with an expanding and aggressive Europe
- Empires domains shrank at the hands of Russian, British, Austrian, and French aggression
- ambitious programs of defensive modernization
- experienced the consequences of a rapidly shifting balance of global power
The Japanese Difference: The rise of a New East Asian Power
- Japan confronted the aggressive power notably in the form of US commodore Mathew Perry
- Opened up to more relation in the world
- turned into a powerful, modern, untied, industrialized nation
- Foreign intervention brought matters to a head
- Raised a national army based on all social classes
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